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A S.M.A.R.T. (Self-Monitoring, Analysis, and Reporting Technology) test is a built-in diagnostic tool used by hard drives (HDDs) and solid-state drives (SSDs) to monitor their own internal health and predict potential failures. By tracking critical reliability metrics such as reallocated sector counts, read error rates, and operating temperatures, the system can identify hardware degradation before it leads to catastrophic data loss. Most modern operating systems and third-party tools can read these S.M.A.R.T. logs to provide users with an "OK," "Warning," or "Failing" status, serving as an early warning signal to back up data and replace the drive immediately if health thresholds are exceeded.